雅思考試分為兩種型別，分別是學術類(A類)和培訓類(G類)。學術類雅思考試評估考生的英語水平是否滿足申請本科及研究生及以上學位的要求，適合準備出國留學的同學。為了幫助大家備考雅思，小編分享了一些英語閱讀材料，歡迎閱讀!
動物的適應能力
Adaptations are the special features that help an animal live and survive in certain places or habitats. There are three kinds of animal adaptations: Behavioral, Physical, and Life Cycle.
適應能力可以使動物在特定環境或棲息地生活。動物適應能力可分為三種：行為，外形和生命週期。
A behavioral adaptation is something an organism does, a behavior it performs to help it survive. A common animal adaptation is migration, when animals travel to a different place so it can find food and survive. Migration usually takes place in the winter.
行為適應是指某一有機體採取的用於幫助它生存的行為。常見的是動物遷徙。動物遷徙到一個不同的地方從而找到食物進而生存。遷徙通常發生在冬季。
Sounds animals make for different reasons are behavioral adaptations. Bird calls are an example. It is a behavior the bird does to communicate to other birds. A lion humming is a behavior a lion does when it is content. They grunt when they move from one area to another. Female lions roar to protect the young, and male lions roar to display strength. Roaring is also a method of communication.
不同的情況下動物發出不同的聲音。鳥叫就是一個例子。它是鳥傳將資訊達給其他鳥類的一種行為。當獅子感到滿足的時候會發出哼哼聲。當它們從一個區域移動到另一個區域時會發出咕嚕聲。母獅子通過咆哮來保護幼師，而雄獅怒吼以顯示實力。咆哮也是一種溝通方法。
The movements animals make are behavioral adaptations. Bats are nocturnal animals, so flying is very tiring for them during the day. It is easier for them to fly at night when it is cooler. Raccoons like to come out only at night, too, and are not seen very often. There are less predators at night.
動物的活動也是行為適應。蝙蝠是夜行性動物，所以白天的飛行是對它們而言非常疲勞。涼爽的夜間飛行對它們來說更加適宜。浣熊喜歡晚上活動，所以我們也不常見到它們。並且，晚上的天敵更少。
The interactions between animals can also be behavioral adaptations. The honey bee dance is a behavioral adaptation that attracts a honey bee to its mate. Honey bees also learn from other bees how to pollinate flowers and collect honey. The dance helps communicate information about food to other bees. A monkey removing parasites from another monkey's head is an example of an interaction.
動物之間的互動也可以看作行為適應。蜜蜂跳舞是吸引其它蜜蜂的一種行為適應。蜜蜂也通過舞蹈向其他蜜蜂學習如何授粉和採集蜂蜜。舞蹈有助於將食品的'資訊傳遞給其他蜜蜂。猴子將另一隻猴子的頭部的寄生蟲取出也是是一個互動的例子。
A physical adaptation is a physical part of an organism that helps it survive. The fur on a bear is an example, because it is part of the bear's body structure and helps keep it warm during cold weather.
外形適應是有機體外形幫助它生存。熊的皮毛就是一個例子。熊皮作為熊身體結構的一部分，有助於其在寒冷的天氣裡保持體溫。
The beak of a bird and the blue jay's color are both part of their bodies, helping them to survive. The ostrich has many thick feathers helping the ostrich look bigger to scare away predators. The ostrich also has a large mouth it uses to fight predators like cheetahs.
冠藍鴉如同鳥一般的喙和其顏色是幫助它們生存的兩個組成部分。鴕鳥有許多豐厚的羽毛厚使其看起來更大從而嚇跑掠食者。鴕鳥也有一個大嘴巴用來與獵豹之類的捕食者搏擊。
Prairie dogs have many adaptations like sharp claws to help it dig their burrows. They have sharp hearing so they can hear if a predator is coming. Prairie Dogs have whiskers that they use for balance so when they walk they won't fall over. The thick, dense coats of a sloth help keep them dry during the rainy season. They also have very sharp teeth to help defend themselves. Many fish have color patterns that help them blend in with their environment. This may allow the fish to avoid being seen by a predator.
土撥鼠有很多此類的外形的適應，比如鋒利的爪子用來挖洞穴。它們有敏銳的聽力，使它們能聽到捕食者靠近的聲音。草原土撥鼠的鬍鬚還能讓它們在行走的時候保持平衡而不至於摔倒。樹懶厚而緊實的面板讓它們在雨季的時候保持乾燥。它們也有非常鋒利的牙齒以保護自己。許多魚類有彩色紋路用來幫助它們與所處環境融為一體。這可能讓魚避免被捕食者看見。
A life cycle adaptation is a process an animal goes through to help it survive. Before becoming a frog, the tadpole first hatched from an egg, which was laid by an adult frog. Atlantic salmon spend their early phase in rivers before traveling or migrating to sea to grow and mature. To complete their life cycle they must return to their river of origin to release new eggs. Butterflies go through four stages of life. They start out as eggs, change into a caterpillar, then a pupa, and finally an adult butterfly. All are examples of life cycle adaptations.
動物經過生命週期適應的過程以幫助其生存。成為一隻青蛙之前，蝌蚪首先從由成年青蛙產下的卵孵化而成。大西洋鮭魚在游到海洋成長之前是河流度過生命初期。為了完成其生命週期，它們必須返回母親河產卵。蝴蝶的生命經歷四個階段。它們開始是蟲卵，變化成毛毛蟲，然後蛹，最後一個成年的蝴蝶。這些都是生命週期適應的例子。
In summary, whether it is a physical, behavioral, or life cycle adaptation, the environment an animal lives usually has an effect on the adaptation. All of the adaptations help an animal survive, scare off predators, or communicating with others.
無論是外形的，行為，或生命週期的適應，動物生存的壞境影響其適應。所有適應都有助動物生存，嚇跑掠食者，或與同物種進行溝通。
呼吸系統
The respiratory system of the human body is responsible for the distribution of the air inhaled and exhaled throughout a person's life. The respiratory system includes the nose, throat, voice box, wind pipe, and lungs.
人體的呼吸系統負責人一生吸入和撥出空氣的氣體交換。呼吸系統包括鼻、喉嚨、喉頭、氣管和肺。
Each time a person inhales, or breathes in air, several kinds of gases enter the body. The most important is oxygen because it keeps a person alive, and the cells of the body need it for energy and growth. The air enters through the nose and mouth and the lungs fill up and then empty out. When the air is inhaled there are tiny hairs in the nose called cilia that filter the air. The air is also warmed and moistened as it travels through the nose. Cilia also protects other parts of the respiratory passages, filtering out dust and other particles.
每次人體吸入空氣，會有幾種氣體的進入人體。最重要的是氧氣，因為它是人的生存需要氧氣，並且人體細胞需要氧氣用於製造能量和生長。空氣通過鼻子和嘴進入，填滿肺部，然後排空。當空氣被吸入時，鼻子內的纖毛過濾空氣。鼻腔同樣也溫潤了吸入的空氣。而且鼻毛還過濾掉了吸入的灰塵和其他顆粒。
The inhaled air travels through the windpipe, which is called the trachea. The human body contains two lungs. The lungs are pink, mushy, and like a sponge. The lungs are protected by the rib cage and keeps them protected and safe. The lung on the left side of the body is smaller than the right lung, which allows room for a person's heart. Beneath the lungs is a muscle called the diaphragm. It works with the lungs to allow a person to inhale and exhale. When a person breathes in the diaphragm shrinks and levels out as the lungs fill up with air.
吸入的空氣穿過氣管。人體有兩葉肺。肺是粉紅色的糊狀體，像海綿一樣。肺部由肋籠保護。人體左側的肺比右肺更小，因為左側的心臟同樣需要空間。肺的下部是膈肌。它與肺部協同工作使人體進行吸氣和呼氣。當一個人的吸氣，膈肌收縮，肺部充滿空氣。
The end of the trachea is located between the two lungs. At the bottom of the trachea are a couple of large tubes called bronchi. The bronchi lead into the lungs. One tube sends air into the left lung, and the other tube sends air into the right lung.
氣管的尾部在兩肺之間。在氣管的底部有幾個大的管道成為支氣管。支氣管與肺部直接相連。一個支氣管使空氣進入左肺和另一支氣管使空氣進入右肺。
Once the air travels through the bronchi, it will branch off into smaller tubes called bronchioles. The bronchioles are about the thickness of a hair, and there are about 30,000 in each lung. From the bronchioles the air then continues its journey to tiny air sacs located throughout the lungs. The tiny air sacs are called alveoli.
空氣進入支氣管後，它將岔開成更小的細支氣管。細支氣管約為與頭髮粗細相當，每個肺約有30,000個細支氣管。進入細支氣管空氣再繼續穿過遍佈肺部的微小氣囊。而微小氣囊被稱為肺泡。
The 600 million alveoli are covered with very tiny blood vessels called capillaries. It is in this area of the lungs between the alveoli and capillaries the exchange of air takes place. Alveoli allow the air to pass into the blood cells of the body, first traveling through the heart carried by red blood cells. The oxygen enters the blood through the tiny capillaries. The heart then takes the blood filled with oxygen and sends it out to all the cells of the body.
6億個肺泡上都覆蓋著非常微小的血管稱為毛細血管。肺泡與肺泡之間以及毛細血管之間發生的便是肺部的空氣交換。肺泡讓空氣進入人體血細胞，首先就是通過紅血細胞將空氣運送到心臟。氧氣通過毛細血管進入血液。然後心臟吸收充滿氧氣的血液並將其運輸到到身體的所有細胞中。
When a person exhales or breathes out everything will happen in reverse. The diaphragm relaxes and the lungs become smaller. The cells in the body have received the oxygen it needs, but carbon dioxide must leave the body. This time, wastes enter the alveoli through the capillaries, back through the bronchioles and bronchi, and then the trachea and out through the nose and mouth. The air is warm because it heats up as it travels through the body.
當一個人呼氣或吐氣則一切相反。隔膜鬆弛，肺部變小。體內的細胞已接收其所需的氧氣，但二氧化碳必須排出身體。此時，廢物通過毛細血管進入肺泡，並回到細支氣管和支氣管，然後通過氣管、鼻子和嘴排除。撥出的空氣因為穿過體內而變得溫暖。
Finally, the lungs are also important for talking. The larynx is located above the trachea, which is often called the voice box. Vocal cords across the larynx open and close, and then vibrate, to create the sounds as air flows between them. The amount of air exhaled determines the loudness of a sound.
最後，肺部對於發聲也很重要。喉位於氣管，這一部分也被稱為喉頭。喉頭的開合以及聲帶的振動使得其間的空氣以及人體發聲。撥出的空氣的量決定了聲音的響度。
In summary, there are many parts of the respiratory system working together to distribute oxygen throughout the body, as well as the lungs being necessary for a person's ability to talk. It is important to keep the lungs healthy and strong.
呼吸系統是許多器官協同作用將氧氣分散到身體的各個部分，而肺也是一個人發聲的重要器官。保證肺部的健康和強大是非常重要的。