考研英語閱讀理解詞彙題的正確答案經常蘊藏在原文該詞彙出現的附近。注意不能靠單詞詞義直接往下推。下面是小編收集的2000年的考研英語閱讀及翻譯，一起來練習一下吧!
Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don't know where they should go next.
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.
While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. "Those things that do not show up in the test scores — personality, ability, courage or humanity — are completely ignored," says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee. "Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild." Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."
But that may have more to do with Japanese lifestyles. "In Japan," says educator Yoko Muro, "it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure." With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work)and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one quarter.
13. In the Westerners' eyes, the postwar Japan was ________.
[A] under aimless development[B] a positive example
[C] a rival to the West[D] on the decline
14. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?
[A] Women's participation in social activities is limited.
[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.
[C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.
[D] The lifestyle has been influenced by Western values.
15. Which of the following is true according to the author?
[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.
[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.
[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.
[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.
16. The change in Japanese lifestyle is revealed in the fact that ________.
[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life
[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.
[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before
[D] the Japanese appreciate their present life
>>>>>>答案解析<<<<<<
重點詞彙：
war(戰後)←post字首“在後”+war;prewar (戰前)←pre字首“在前”+war。postwar architecture — the accountants' revenge on the prewar businessmen's dreams 戰後的建築——會計師們對戰前商人們的夢想的報復。
ony(和諧，融洽)可看作har+mony，har諧音“哈”，mony即money，於是“哈!money!”→有錢很多事情都會變得“和諧”與“融洽”。No family harmony, no social stability.沒有家庭的和睦，就沒有社會的穩定。
ifice(v.n.犧牲;奉獻)可看作sa+cri+fice，sa諧音似“殺”，cri看作cry(母音替換)，fice看作face(母音替換)，於是“因馬上要被殺(sa)而淚留(cri)滿面(fice)的東西”→犧牲。Good manners are made up of petty sacrifices.得體的舉止由許多細小的犧牲構成。Whenever you have an aim you must sacrifice something of freedom to attain it.無論何時，只要有目標，你就要犧牲一定的自由以達到它。Success can be only one ingredient in happiness, and is too dearly purchased if all the other ingredients have been sacrificed to obtain.成功只能是幸福的一個因素，如果為了獲得成功而犧牲其它幸福的因素，就未免得不償失了。
terPart(相似或對應的人或物)即counter+Part，counter-字首“對等”，Part部分，“對等的部分”。
onality ?(人格;個性)←person+ality名詞字尾。Personality is to man what perfume is to a flower.個性之於人一如香氣之於花。personality — everything that's false in a human, everything that's been added on to him and contrived 個性——人類身上所有虛假的東西，所有強加在他身上的不自然的東西。
ult (v.n.攻擊)Against the assault of laughter nothing can stand.沒有東西能抵擋笑聲的進攻。
ervative (保守的;保守主義者)即con+serv(e)+ative，con-字首“全部”，serve詞根“保持”(=keep)，-ative字尾;參conservation(2002年Text 3)。When a nation's young men are conservative, its funeral bell is already rung.當一個國家的青年因循守舊，這個國家的喪鐘即已敲響。conservative — ①someone who wants to keep what he already had lost ②a man who wants the rules changed so that no one can make a pile the way he did ③someone who believes that nothing should be done for the first time 守舊者——①試圖保留已經失去的東西的人 ②希望改變一下規矩，使任何人都不能再像他那樣賺錢的人 ③相信什麼事都不應當有第一次的人。
orities (當局，官方);原形為authority(權力;權威;權威者)←author作者+ity名詞字尾。All authority belongs to the people.一切權力屬於人民。Authority is not truth, but truth possesses the authority.權威不是真理，但真理擁有權威。authority — a high hat under which every donkey can hide his ears 權力——一頂高帽子，驢子戴上它也能遮住耳朵。
re(v.忍受;持續)即en+dure，en-字首“使”，dure詞根“持續”(如durable→持久的)。We have all sufficient strength to endure the misfortunes of others.我們具有極其充足的力量來忍受他人的不幸。Colors fade, temples crumble, empires fall, but wise words endure.色彩會消退，廟宇會坍塌，帝國會崩潰，但智慧的話永存。
ate(v.隔離，孤立)←isol+ate，isol即isle“小島”(母音可增減替換)，-ate動詞字尾，使像小島一樣被“孤立”。The word, even the most contradictions word, preserves contact — it is silence which isolates.話語，甚至最矛盾的話語也維持著人們的聯絡——是沉默使人們隔離。
ute (v.乘公交車上下班，乘車船往返於兩地)即com+mute，com-字首“一起”，mute詞根“交換”，於是“一直在兩地間交換位置”→乘車往返上下班。
rce(v.n.離婚;分離)與diverse(多種多樣的;不同的)一起記，“離婚”後雙方就成為“不同的”人。
ivation (耕作;培養)←cultivat(e)+tion，cultivate(v.耕作;培養)，-tion名詞字尾。To cultivate oneself in disposition is not for the others, but for strengthening his own capacity in life.修養性情不是為了他人，而是為了加強自己的生活能力。
rant(寬容的)←toler+ant。The public is wonderfully tolerant — it forgives everything except genius.公眾寬容得驚人——他們寬恕一切，除了天才。
難句解析：
① Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.
whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe是Japan的定語從句。
千萬注意hardly是否定詞，相當於not。
② The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportUnities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.
本句的主語是The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market，謂語是have limited，賓語是the opportUnities of teen-agers，而who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs是賓語的定語從句，該從句中involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs又是personal sacrifices的補語。
age是“時代”，表示這一代已經成為社會的主力軍;baby boom指在戰後的“生育高峰，嬰兒潮”;questioning的意思是“質問，質疑”;involved in指“與某事有關，由某事引起”。
③ Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."
本句主語是Mitsuo Setoyama，謂語是raised eyebrows，who was then education minister是主語的定語，when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."是全句的時間狀語從句，其中that引導的從句是argued的賓語，該賓語從句中主語是liberal reforms，謂語是had weakened，賓語是the "Japanese morality of respect for parents"，introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II是liberal reforms的補語。
注意raised eyebrows是“瞋目”的'意思，此處指“瞪起眼睛，情緒激憤”。
④ With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where commUnity and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households.
has come centralization是一個倒裝結構，原形為centralization has come。Where引導的定語從句修飾cities。
本句中須弄清一些詞彙的含義，如：centralization集中化;commUnity禮俗社會;extended family多代同堂式的家庭;in favor of由…取代;households家庭。
試題解析：
13. 【正確答案】[B]
意為：正面的例子。第一段第一句指出，戰後，日本的生產率與和諧的社會狀態是美國和歐洲所羨慕的，其發展目標明確(主句的直譯意思是：無目標性一直不是日本的特點)。
A意為：處於無目標的發展狀態下。C意為：是西方國家的勁敵。D意為：正在走下坡路。
14. 【正確答案】[D]
意為：生活方式受西方價值觀的影響。第一段指出，日本人越來越多地目睹著一場傳統的工作道德價值觀的淪喪。十年前，年輕人工作努力，將工作看作是生存(being)的重要動力;但是，日本目前在很大程度上滿足了其經濟發展的需要，年輕人反而不知道下一步的發展目標了。
在第二、三段，文章探討了造成這種現象的原因。在第四段第一句，作者指出，這(that指上一段提到的現象)也許更多地是與日本人的生活方式有關(have... to do with意為：與……有關)。
A意為：婦女參加社會活動受到限制。第二段第一句的意思是：隨著戰後進入高生育時期，並隨著婦女進入過去男人佔統治地位的就業市場，青少年的機會受到限制，他們已經表現出對為爬上嚴格的社會階層——如進入好學校或獲得好工作——所做出的巨大的個人犧牲提出質疑。B意為：更多的工人對自己的工作感到不滿。C意為：過多地注重基礎訓練。根據第三段，雖然外國人經常稱讚日本教育對基礎訓練的強調，日本的教育卻傾向於強調考試和機械的學習，而忽視丁創造力和自我表達的培養。可見，強調基礎的教育是好的，但是忽視創造力和自我表達的培養也是不對的。這裡，強調基礎是教育的目的，強調考試和機械的學習是日本實現這一目的的方法;目標並沒有錯(不會導致道德水平的下降)，錯誤的是實現這一目標的方法。
15. 【正確答案】 [C]
意為：應該更多地強調創造力的培養。參閱第64題題解。
A意為：日本的教育受到讚賞，因為它有助於年輕人爬上社會階梯。日本的教育受到外國人讚賞的原因是它強調整礎教育。參閱第64題對選擇項[C]的解釋。B意為：日本教育既強調機械的學習也強調創造力。參閱第64題對選擇項[C]的解釋。D意為：失學導致了對考試的反感。根據Toshiki Kaifu的看法，對這種東西(指上一句提到的強調考試，忽視個性、能力、勇氣或人性教育)的反感使孩子們棄學，變得難以管教。可見，選擇項[D]顛倒了因果。參閱第三段。
16. 【正確答案】[A]
意為：年輕人更難以忍受生活中的困難。根據Yoko Muro的觀點，對日本人來說，問題一直不是一個他們能否享受工作和生活的問題，而是一個他們有多大的承受力的問題。例如，城市居民長期以來一直承受著上下班時間長和生活環境擁擠的折磨，但是，隨著舊的價值觀被擯棄，(與之相關的)困難開始表面化了(tell意為：產生影響;顯現出來)。這裡的意思是，日本人以前默默地忍受生活的困苦，但是，現在年輕的日本人覺得這種犧牲太大，對此產生了逆反情緒。參閱第四段。
B意為：日本人的離婚率超過了美國人。根據第四段最後一句，日本人的離婚率仍然大大地(well)低於美國人。C意為：日本人比以前需要忍受的東西更多了。D意為：日本人喜歡自己目前的生活方式。
全文翻譯：
戰後日本的生產率和社會的和諧為美國和歐洲所稱羨，因此漫無目標很難說是戰後日本的特色。但是，日本人正在經歷傳統工作道德價值觀的日益衰退。10年前，日本人工作勤奮，將工作視為他們存在的主要理由，但現在日本大體上已經滿足了其經濟需求，年輕人卻不知道他們下一步的目標在哪裡。
戰後嬰兒出生高峰期的到來及婦女進入男性主宰的就業市場，限制了青少年的發展機遇，這些青少年已經開始質疑在進好學校，找好工作，攀登日本等級森嚴的社會階梯的過程中所做出的沉重的個人犧牲是否值得。在最近一次調查中發現與62.7%的美國學生相比較，只有24.5%的日本學生對學校生活完全滿意。此外，與被調查的其他10個國家的工人相比，對自身工作表示不滿的日本工人多得多。
雖然日本的教育因強調基礎知識而經常受到外國人的讚揚，但是它往往強調考試和機械學習，而不重視創造性和自我表現。“在考分中得不到體現的那些東西——個性、能力、勇氣或人性——完全被忽視，”執政的自民黨教育委員會主席Toshiki Kaifu說，“對這類事情灰心喪氣，致使孩子輟學、放蕩不羈。”去年日本發生了2125起校園暴力事件，其中包括929起襲擊老師事件。在一片抗議聲中，許多保守黨領導人正在力圖回覆到戰前，強調道德教育;去年，當時任教育大臣的Mitsuo Setoyama就提出責難，他申辯說二戰後美國佔領當局引進的自由改革削弱了“日本人尊敬父母的道德觀”。
但是，那也許與日本人的生活方式關係更大。“在日本，”教育家 Yoko Muro說，“問題絕對不是你是否喜歡自己的工作和生活，而僅僅是你能承受多大的負荷。”隨著經濟的發展，居住集中化也跟著來了，在日本1億1900萬人當中，足有76%住在城市，在那裡社群和幾世同堂的大家庭已經成為過去，而取而代之的是單門獨戶的兩代之家。城市裡的日本人長期忍受著漫長的上下班來回路程和擁擠不堪的居住條件，隨著舊的群體家庭道德觀的削弱，令人不舒服的結果開始顯現出來。在過去10年中，日本的離婚率，儘管仍遠在美國之下，已經上升了50%，而自殺事件則上升了近1/4。